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Again, notice that by making a and b reference parameters, there is no need to precede the arguments of swap( ) with the & operator or to apply the * inside swap( ) when the values are exchanged In fact, it would be an error to do so Remember that the compiler automatically generates the addresses of the arguments used to call swap( ) and automatically dereferences a and b There are several restrictions that apply to reference variables: 1 You cannot reference a reference variable That is, you cannot take its address 2 You cannot create arrays of references 3 You cannot create a pointer to a reference 4 References are not allowed on bit-fields

Between the two of us, we ve probably done printing from just about every scenario: Windows Forms/MFC, writing printer codes to output, even writing custom drivers for obsolete plotters. Looking at printing from WPF, as well as the XPS system, it seems like Microsoft has a good balance between flexibility and straightforwardness you can do simple things simply and complex things, er, complexly Being us, that doesn t mean that we don t want a few changes and improvements. There are some things that should be simple that are tricky (such as adding headers and footers to an existing document), and there should be a built-in control that allows for a Visual to be hosted without, for example, requiring its content to be written to a bitmap. Overall, though, for us, we re pretty happy. Also, we ve taken our little dictionary application just about as far as it will go. In the next chapter, we intend to suck out some of the guts of the dictionary (vampirelike) for another purpose. In homage to spy movies, we ll build an application that pulls data from the CIA (really) and uses glitzy transition effects while doing it!

22:

14

In 21 it was explained that when an object is passed as an argument to a function, a copy of that object is made When the function terminates, the copy s destructor is called If for some reason you do not want a copy to be made or the destructor function to be called, simply pass the object by reference When you pass by reference, no copy of the object is made This means that no object used as a parameter is destroyed when the function terminates, and the parameter s destructor is not called For example, try this program:

This chapter covers:

#include <iostream> using namespace std; class cl { int id; public: int i; cl(int i); ~cl(); void neg(cl &o) {oi = -oi;} }; cl::cl(int num) { cout << "Constructing " << num << "\n"; id = num; } cl::~cl() { cout << "Destructing " << id << "\n"; } int main() { cl o(1); oi = 10; oneg(o); cout << oi << "\n"; return 0; }

Here is the output of this program:

Building a cleaner application Using the Application object Lots of spiffy transitions Getting as close to a James-Bond-like life as we re ever likely to

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As you can see, only one call is made to cl s destructor function Had o been passed by value, a second object would have been created inside neg( ), and the destructor would have been called a second time when that object was destroyed at the time neg( ) terminated When passing parameters by reference, remember that changes to the object inside the function affect the calling object

#include <iostream> using namespace std;

There s an old, not very good, joke about a man talking to a genie. Genie, he says, make me a sandwich. Poof, says the genie, you re a sandwich. As we said, it s not a very good joke. Sometimes, though, working with WPF is like that. Unless you get your incantations exactly right, you suddenly find yourself looking out from between two slices of Wonder Bread, wondering what happened. This chapter is about two things. First, it s about adding some cool transition effects, such as fades and wipes, into your applications. Second, it s about balancing XAML and code, and putting together applications in a way that makes it possible for you to have a shot at getting things to work, while being as understandable and maintainable as possible. We aren t trying to take a potshot at XAML or declarative programming per se, but we d like to point out something about the nature of the technology. Via XAML,