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it s possible to specify incredibly complex behavior with only a few lines At the same time, XAML isn t strongly typed even with IntelliSense, it s possible to write and compile XAML that isn t strictly legal, and it s certainly easy to have legal XAML that does things completely differently than what you expect Add to this the fact that it isn t currently possible to debug XAML to step line by line as it executes to see what s really going on1 Often, this isn t that big a deal after all, when you re defining a bunch of controls on a form, it s pretty hard to go wrong But, when you re trying to create effects, these issues can be extremely frustrating For this reason, effects often requires a lot more upfront planning and the occasional brain twist The rewards, though, are worth it.

This program replaces the space between Hello and There with an X That is, the program displays HelloXThere Take a look at how this is accomplished

respect to the routing and signalling protocols used to establish LSPs, there are two basic techniques that may be used:

A function can return a reference This has the rather startling effect of allowing a function to be used on the left side of an assignment statement! For example, consider this simple program:

Adding effects to your WPF applications can punch up your UI, and it often takes only a few lines of XAML to do things that previously would have taken massive amounts of code to do smoothly Before we get into the really nifty effects, we need a new application to work with We could add effects to one of the existing applications, but we want to build a new application from scratch, this time paying more attention to the details and having a place for logic, separate controls, and so on We re doing this because one of the points of this chapter is to emphasize the proper way to separate out responsibilities within a WPF application Also, we want an application that lends itself to transitions.

22:

As shown, replace( ) is declared as returning a reference to a character array As replace( ) is coded, it returns a reference to the element of s that is specified by its argument i The reference returned by replace( ) is then used in main( ) to assign to that element the character X

Nonstop routing In order for routing and signalling protocols to continue to operate when a control card switchover occurs (due to failure of the active control card), it is necessary to replicate all state changes resulting from the operation of those protocols from the active to the backup control card If the active card fails, the backup is thus able to assume the active role without its neighbours being aware of the switchover One disadvantage of this approach is that state synchronisation requires significant additional CPU resources to operate Nonstop forwarding An alternative to ensuring continued operation of routing and signalling protocols during a control card switchover is to enhance the protocols so that when a switchover occurs, the failed node is given time to recover by its neighbours and is able to ask those neighbours to refresh its state Graceful Restart extensions have been implemented for OSPF, IS-IS, RSVP, LDP, and BGP to facilitate this One disadvantage of this approach is that for a router to perform a graceful restart its neighbours must also implement the protocol extensions

Even though references are included in C++ primarily to support call-by-reference parameter passing and to act as a return value from a function, it is possible to declare a stand-alone reference variable This is called an independent reference However, independent reference variables are seldom a good idea because they tend to confuse and destructure your program With these reservations in mind, we will take a short look at them here Since a reference variable must point to some object, an independent reference must be initialized when it is declared Generally, this means that it will be assigned the address of a previously declared variable Once this is done, the reference variable can be used anywhere that the variable it references can In fact, there is virtually no distinction between the two For example, consider this program:

Our new application will borrow quite a bit from the Dictionary application one of the supported dictionaries is the CIA s The World Factbook, which has facts about every country (or at least every country that existed when the data was imported about five years ago) The application we re going to build will let us double-click on any country and see the information about that country..