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<Application x:Class="WorldBrowser.App" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" StartupUri="WorldBrowserMain.xaml" Startup="Application_Startup">

Soft QoS (Class of Service or CoS) In this model (epitomised by the IETF DiffServ architecture), forwarding plane QoS techniques are used to provide different forwarding treatment to different classes of traffic This model scales well, since there is no need for per-flow state, and is applicable to connectionless and connectionorientated forwarding, but is unable to provide guaranteed forwarding behavior Hard QoS In this model (epitomised by the IETF IntServ architecture) resources are reserved for the each connection using the control plane, and then forwarding plane techniques are applied to ensure that each connection gets the required level of QoS This model is less scalable (as per-flow reservations are required), but can be used to enable a firm guarantee that a traffic contract will be met

O[3]

22:

IntelliSense makes adding this handler pretty easy. If you just start typing Startup, the rest will be filled in for you, and you ll automatically be offered the choice to create a New Default Handler. Once you choose this option, Visual Studio will create the Application_Startup method in the App.xaml.cs file. You can right-click the Startup attribute and select Navigate To Handler to automatically be taken to the method in code. Listing 19.2 contains the code from App.xaml.cs for the Startup method, including the creation of our instance of the DictionaryLookup class.

translates into this call to the operator[ ]( ) function:

When signalling an MPLS LSP with RSVP-TE, an LSR signals the bandwidth required for the LSP Each LSR in the path checks the bandwidth requested against the bandwidth available on its outbound link and only forwards the Path message if there is sufficient bandwidth available for the LSP on that link The available bandwidth on each link is also advertised using the TE-enhanced IGP (ie, OSPF-TE or ISIS-TE) and will be stored in the TED at each LSR When an LSR runs CSPF, it will only select a path that has sufficient bandwidth to allow the LSP to be established However, LSP reservations and IGP advertisements run asynchronously to each other, and the LSP setup may still fail due to insufficient bandwidth at one of the LSRs in the path as described above In that case, the ingress LSR will run CSPF again to find another path The process of checking whether resources are available before attempting to reserve them is known as Connection Admission Control (CAC) and required to provide hard QoS LDP does not reserve bandwidth for LSPs, and control plane QoS is not applicable for LDP-signalled LSPs As mentioned previously, there are two QoS models for MPLS

operator[](3)

.NET 4.0 Framework 2.0 SP (Red) WPF (Red) WCF (Red) LINQ (Red)

That is, the value of the expression within the subscripting operator is passed to the operator[ ]( ) function in its explicit parameter The this pointer will point to O, the object that generated the call In the following program, atype declares an array of three integers Its constructor function initializes each member of the array to the specified values The overloaded operator[ ]( ) function returns the value of the array as indexed by the value of its parameter

#include <iostream> using namespace std; class atype { int a[3]; public: atype(int i, int j, int k) { a[0] = i; a[1] = j; a[2] = k; } int operator[](int i) { return a[i]; } }; int main() { atype ob(1, 2, 3); cout << ob[1]; return 0; } // displays 2

LSPs:

.NET 3.5 Framework 2.0 SP1 (Red) WPF (Red) WCF (Red) LINQ (Green)

You can design the operator[ ]( ) function in such a way that the [ ] can be used on both the left and right sides of an assignment statement To do this, simply specify the return value of operator[ ]( ) as a reference The following program makes this change and shows its use:

#include <iostream> using namespace std;

.NET 3.0 Framework 2.0 (Red) WPF (Green) WCF (Green)

E-LSP model In this model, QoS is inferred solely from the value of the EXP bits in the MPLS label shim Traffic from two LSPs with the same EXP value will receive identical QoS treatment This is an implementation of the soft QoS model even if bandwidth is reserved per LSP in the control plane, there is no